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Rabus was born in Kempten and studied under Angelo Jank at the academy in Munich. After several art exhibitions organized by Hans Goltz in Munich and by Der Sturm in Berlin, Rabus worked as a book and art illustrator in Berlin from 1923 to 1927. His works were published by various magazines such as Eulenspiegel, Der Orchideengarten and Jugend.[3] Together with contemporaries such as Jacob Steinhardt, Richard Janthur [de], Heinrich Richter-Berlin and Conrad Felixmüller, Rabus "revived the techniques of woodcut and wood engraving synonymous with the Die Brücke circle of artists and German Expressionism".
After the Nazis seized power in Germany in 1933, Rabus moved to Vienna, Austria, where he met his future wife, the Jewish photographer Erna Adler.
However, they soon had to leave the country because of the threat of annexation by the Third Reich. They fled to Brussels, but in 1940 they were arrested in Belgium after the invasion of the German army. Erna Adler was released, but Rabus was imprisoned in the Saint-Cyprien detention camp in southern France.
In 1941 he managed to escape from the camp and returned to Brussels. There he was arrested again in 1943 on charges of racial disgrace. Rabus was deported and had to spend some time in the city prison of Vienna.
In 1944 he married Erna Adler and after the war they lived in Essen, Munich and Brussels. Finally in 1974 they settled in Murnau am Staffelsee, where Carl Rabus died on 28 July 1983. He was survived by his wife Erna.